文献类型：期刊文献

英文题名：Conquering self-discharge in supercapacitors: synergy of mechanisms and cross-scale mitigation strategies

作者：Song, Lin[1]; Hou, Wenjing[1]; Qiao, Hui[1]; Liu, Qun[1]; Zhang, Jiangwei[1]; Zhang, Weian[1,2]; Xiao, Dewei[3]; Zhang, Qingnuan[1]

机构：[1] College of Energy Material and Chemistry, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China; [2] School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; [3] Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China

年份：2025

外文期刊名：Journal of Materials Chemistry A

收录：EI(收录号：20254919643347)

语种：英文

外文关键词：Adaptive control systems - Electric discharges - Electrolytes - Energy dissipation - Flexible electronics - Intelligent materials - Interfaces (materials) - Thermodynamics

摘要：Supercapacitors have emerged as increasingly vital energy storage solutions, leveraging exceptional power density, ultralong cycle life, and rapid charge–discharge capabilities. However, their widespread deployment faces a fundamental limitation: inherent self-discharge phenomena that severely compromise energy retention and long-term reliability in critical applications like flexible electronics, microsystems, and backup power systems. This review systematically categorizes self-discharge mechanisms—ohmic leakage, faradaic reactions, and charge redistribution—and critically dissects their physicochemical underpinnings. We comprehensively analyze key governing factors spanning electrode architecture, electrolyte thermodynamics, and dynamic interfacial phenomena. Furthermore, we spotlight breakthrough protection strategies enabled by advanced material engineering, precise electrolyte modulation, and innovative device design. To transcend current barriers, we pioneer novel concepts including "multi-interface synergistic engineering" and "stimuli-responsive smart materials", charting a course toward intelligent supercapacitors with embedded real-time self-discharge diagnostics and adaptive control. Ultimately, this work provides actionable guidelines for designing next-generation supercapacitors with minimized energy loss and enhanced operational resilience. This journal is ? The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2026