文献类型：期刊文献

英文题名：Magnetic biochar-immobilized enzymatic systems for bioremediation of penicillin G sodium in antibiotic-laden fermentation residues: Removal efficiency, degradation mechanism, and ecological safety

作者：Zhang, Sinan[1,2,3,4];Yang, Yunlong[3];Yang, Chen[1,2,3];Huang, Sheng[1,2];Wang, Zejian[3];Wu, Shiyong[1,2]

机构：[1]East China Univ Sci & Technol, Engn Res Ctr Resource Utilizat Carbon Containing W, Minist Educ, Shanghai 200237, Peoples R China;[2]East China Univ Sci & Technol, State Key Lab Coal Liquefact Gasificat & Utilizat, Shanghai 200237, Peoples R China;[3]East China Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Biotechnol, State Key Lab Bioreactor Engn, Shanghai 200237, Peoples R China;[4]Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Chem Engn, Biotechnol Lab, Ind Biotechnol & Biocatalysis Grp, Iroon Polytech 9, Athens 15772, Greece

年份：2026

卷号：551

外文期刊名：JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION

收录：;EI(收录号：20261120243337);WOS:【SCI-EXPANDED(收录号:WOS:001713216700001)】；

基金：This work was supported by the financial support of research projects from the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2021YFC2101000) , Shanghai Scientific and Technological Innovation Action Plans - Scientific Instrument Development, China (grant No. 21142201300, 22142201000) , National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32071471) , 2025 Key Technology R&D Program for Synthetic Biology (No.25HC2820400) , and Program of China Scholarship Council (Grant No. 202506740051) .

语种：英文

外文关键词：Penicillin G sodium; Immobilized enzymes; Penicillin fermentation residue; Removal mechanism; Metagenome

摘要：Developing an efficient method to remove the high concentration of residual penicillin G sodium (PGNa) from penicillin fermentation residue (PFR) is of great significance for safeguarding human and animal health. In this study, the scaled-up production of PGNa-degrading enzymes was achieved for the first time using a 5 L stirred tank reactor, reaching an enzyme activity of 1288.09 U/mL. Comparison of different treatments including strain SQW1, biochar SAMB, free enzymes, and immobilized enzymes SAMB-E showed that SAMB-E exhibited the best PGNa removal performance, achieving a 98.72% removal rate within 120 min using only 0.1 g of immobilized enzymes. The biological effects of PGNa degradation intermediates were evaluated using the disk diffusion method and ECOSAR software, and the results indicated that these intermediates exhibited no significant antibacterial activity and generally low ecological toxicity. Metagenomic analysis further revealed that SAMB-E treatment increased microbial alpha-diversity while reducing the abundance of most high-risk antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). In addition, LC-MS analysis demonstrated that PGNa was primarily degraded by immobilized enzymes through enzymatic hydrolysis followed by subsequent biotransformation reactions, ultimately yielding low-toxicity products. This study is the first to apply immobilized enzymes for the removal of PGNa from PFR, providing a novel, cost-effective, and highly efficient approach for mitigating PGNa contamination. The treated fermentation residue also shows great potential for high-value utilization of hazardous waste.