文献类型：期刊文献

中文题名：放射性废水处理新工艺综述

英文题名：Review of Novel Processes for Radioactive Wastewater Treatment

作者：黄焜[1];郑一泓[2];贾大庆[2]

机构：[1]厦门大学化学化工学院,福建厦门361005;[2]华东理工大学资源与环境工程学院,上海200237

年份：2026

卷号：45

期号：2

起止页码：33

中文期刊名：净水技术

外文期刊名：Water Purification Technology

语种：中文

中文关键词：放射性废水;放射性核素;吸附法;膜分离法;组合工艺

外文关键词：radioactive wastewater;radionuclide;adsorption method;membrane separation method;combined processes

摘要：【目的】本文旨在系统综述放射性水污染的现状,并深入探讨吸附法、膜分离法、光催化法、电化学法及生物富集法等主流新兴处理方法,以期为开发高效、经济的放射性废水处理技术提供理论参考与实践指导。【方法】本文通过系统梳理现有研究,重点分析了多种主流处理技术的原理、材料特性与应用特点;详细阐述了吸附法中碳基材料、硅基材料、金属氧化物/硫化物和高分子聚合物等吸附剂的性能及其吸附模型,并评估了纳滤、反渗透、正渗透等膜分离技术的效能与规模化应用潜力;还探讨了多种技术联用的协同效应与系统优化策略。【结果】吸附法与膜分离法作为成熟技术,在核电站等场景已实现广泛应用,其中新型吸附剂对特定核素展现出大吸附容量,膜分离技术则具备高效分离与可重复使用的优势。目前,全球大多数饮用水放射性指标符合安全标准。然而,现有技术对^(3)H、^(14)C等稳定同位素及^(210)Pb、^(226)Ra等高生物毒性核素的去除仍存在困难;吸附法产生的废吸附剂后续处理问题突出;光催化与生物富集等绿色技术大多仍处于实验室或中试阶段。【结论】各类技术在处理放射性废水方面均显示出独特价值,但均面临特定挑战。未来技术发展应聚焦于提升对难处理核素的靶向去除效率、减少二次废物产量,并推动光催化、生物富集等绿色技术的工程化与规模化应用,以实现放射性水污染治理的可持续发展。
[Objective]This paper aims to systematically review the current status of radioactive water pollution and provides an indepth discussion of mainstream treatment methods,including adsorption,membrane separation,photocatalysis,electrochemical processes,and bio-enrichment.The goal is to offer theoretical reference and practical guidance for developing efficient and economical radioactive wastewater treatment technologies.[Methods]By systematically analyzing existing research,this paper focuses on the principles,materials,and application characteristics of various mainstream treatment technologies.It elaborates on the performance of adsorbents used in adsorption method—such as carbon-based materials,silica-based materials,metal oxides/sulfides,and polymers—and their adsorption models.The efficiency and potential for large-scale application of membrane separation technologies,including nanofiltration,reverse osmosis,and forward osmosis,are evaluated.Furthermore,the synergistic effects and system optimization strategies of combined technologies are explored.[Results]Adsorption method and membrane separation method,as mature technologies,have been widely applied in scenarios such as nuclear power plants.Novel adsorbents exhibit high adsorption capacities for specific radionuclides,while membrane separation offers advantages such as high separation efficiency and reusability.Currently,the majority of radioactive indices in drinking water worldwide meet safety standards.However,existing technologies still face challenges in removing stable isotopes like ^(3)H and ^(14)C,as well as highly biotoxic nuclides such as ^(210)Pb and ^(226)Ra.The post-treatment of spent adsorbents from the adsorption method remains a significant issue,and green technologies like photocatalysis and bioenrichment are mostly still in the laboratory or pilot stages.[Conclusion]While various technologies demonstrate unique value in treating radioactive wastewater,each faces specific challenges.Future technological development should focus on enhancing the targeted removal efficiency of recalcitrant nuclides,reducing secondary waste generation,and promoting the engineering and large-scale application of green technologies such as photocatalysis and bio-enrichment to achieve sustainable development in radioactive water pollution management.